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Smoke
Alarms and Detectors Safety
Smoke detectors are devices that automatically
sound a warning when they sense smoke or other products
of combustion. They are usually mounted on a wall or the
ceiling. When people are warned early enough about a fire,
they can escape before it spreads. You can purchase one
starting at $6.
Every year house fires kill thousands. Fire kills an
estimated 4,000 Americans every year. Another 30,000 people
are seriously injured by fire each year. Property damage
from fire costs us at least $11.2 billion yearly. Most
fire victims feel that fire would "never happen to
them."
Although we like to feel safe at home, about two-thirds
of our nation's fire deaths happen in the victim's own
home. The home is where we are at the greatest risk and
where we must take the most precautions. Most deaths occur
from inhaling smoke or poisonous gases, not from the flames.
Most fatal fires occur in residential buildings between
11 p.m. and 6 a.m. when occupants are most likely asleep.
Over 90 percent of fire deaths in buildings occur in residential
dwellings.
A Johns Hopkins University study, funded by the United
States Fire Administration, found that 75 percent of residential
fire deaths and 84 percent of residential fire injuries
could have been prevented by smoke detectors.
There
are two basic types of smoke detectors:
- Ionization detectors - Ionization detectors
contain radioactive material that ionizes the air, making
an electrical path. When smoke enters, the smoke molecules
attach themselves to the ions. The change in electric
current flow triggers the alarm. The radioactive material
is called americium. It's a radioactive metallic element
produced by bombardment of plutonium with high energy
neutrons. The amount is very small and not harmful.
- Photo-electric detectors - This type of detector
contains a light source (usually a bulb) and a photocell,
which is activated by light. Light from the bulb reflects
off the smoke particles and is directed towards the
photocell. The photocell then is activated to trigger
the alarm.
Choosing
a smoke detector
When choosing a smoke detector, there are several things
to consider. Think about which areas of the house you
want to protect, where fire would be most dangerous, how
many you will need, etc.
The National Fire Protection Agency recommends that every
home have a smoke detector outside each sleeping area
(inside as well if members of the household sleep with
the door closed) and on every level of the home, including
the basement. The National Fire Alarm code requires a
smoke detector inside each sleeping area for new construction.
On floors without bedrooms, detectors should be installed
in or near living areas, such as dens, living rooms or
family rooms. Smoke detectors are not recommended for
kitchens.
Installation
The placement of smoke detectors is very important. Sleeping
areas need the most protection. One detector in a short
hallway outside the bedroom area is usually adequate.
Hallways longer than 30 feet should have one at each end.
For maximum protection, install a detector in each bedroom.
Be sure to keep the detector away from fireplaces and
wood stoves to avoid false alarms. Place smoke detectors
at the top of each stairwell and at the end of each long
hallway. Smoke rises easily through stairwells. If you
should put a smoke detector in your kitchen, be sure to
keep it away from cooking fumes or smoking areas.
It’s important to properly mount a smoke detector.
You can mount many detectors by yourself, however those
connected to your household wiring should have their own
separate circuit and be installed by a professional electrician.
If you mount your detector on the ceiling, be sure to
keep it at least 18 inches away from dead air space near
walls and corners. If you mount it on the wall, place
it six to 12 inches below the ceiling and away from corners.
Keep them high because smoke rises.
Never place them any closer than three feet from an air
register that might re-circulate smoke. Don't place them
near doorways or windows where drafts could impair the
detector operation. Don't place them on an un-insulated
exterior wall or ceiling. Temperature extremes can affect
the batteries.
Maintenance
It’s simple to keep smoke detectors in good condition.
Always follow the manufacturer's instructions. Be sure
to replace the batteries every year or as needed. Most
models will make a chirping, popping or beeping sound
when the battery is losing its charge. When this sound
is heard, install a fresh battery, preferably an alkaline
type.
Remember, every three years to change the bulbs. Keep
extras handy. Check the smoke detector every month by
releasing smoke or pushing the “test” button.
Clean the detector face and grillwork often to remove
dust and grease. Never paint a smoke detector as it will
hamper its function. Check your detector if you've been
away from home.
Smoke Detectors make great housewarming (or any time)
gifts. It's an interesting present that can save lives
and it shows that you care.
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